Description

Low Salinity Waterflooding (LSW) is an emerging attractive enhanced oil recovery (EOR) method because of its oil recovery performance and relatively simple, environmentally friendly implementation, when compared with conventional waterflooding and EOR approaches. This book offers a fundamental and practical knowledge of the LSW process and its potential for improved oil recovery. Areas covered include state-of-the-art LSW development, underlying theoretical and mechanistic modeling approach, laboratory studies and field-scale applications. In addition, this book introduces the merits of combining LSW with chemical and miscible gas flooding to promote the synergy of the mechanism underlying these methods which further enhances oil recovery and overcomes the technical challenges frequently encountered in the conventional EOR methods. This book also provides various practical aspects of the process design and optimization to reduce the risks associated with geological uncertainties and delivers maximum profit and economic feasibility of an LSW project.